Philosophy :: Risk Factors

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Community:

• availability of firearms (V)
• availability of drugs (D)
• community laws and norms favorable toward firearms and crime (V)
• community laws and norms favorable toward drug use (D)
• media portrayals of violence (V)
• transitions and mobility (D)
• low neighborhood attachment and community disorganization (V, D)
• extreme economic deprivation (V, D)

Family:

• family history of substance abuse (D)
• family management problems (V, D)
• family conflict (V, D)
• favorable parental attitudes toward and involvement in violence (V)
• favorable parental attitudes toward and involvement in drugs (D)

School:

• early and persistent antisocial behavior (V, D)
• academic failure, beginning in elementary school (V, D)
• lack of commitment to school (D)

Individual/Peer:

• alienation and rebelliousness (D)
• friends who engage in violence (V)
• friends who engage in drug use (D)
• favorable attitudes towards drugs (D)
• early initiation of violence (V)
• early initiation of the use of drugs (D)
• constitutional factors (V, D)